Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Principal soluble rock types include limestone, chalk, gypsum and salt, which can dissolve in natural water, which over various time spans – depending upon solubility – can create cavities in the ground. These cavities, which are characteristic features of karst terrains, vary enormously in scale, density and infilling (air/water/soil/rock). They can be the cause of ground failure and surface subsidence which can pose risks to people, structures and infrastructure. The dominant karst geohazard is the development of new sinkholes within soil profiles overlying soluble rocks, where the rock remains stable but either soil is washed downwards into open cavity features, or an existing metastable cavity feature infill is destabilised, usually by the action of inundation. Most sinkholes are induced by water leakage into the ground or by loading/vibration associated with engineering activity. Careful controls are required to prevent triggering instability. Karstic geohazards pose particular problems to the safe construction of foundations and surface water drainage disposal. The nature of karst weathering affecting ground conditions can be difficult to assess, but the broad characteristics of karst are now well known and should be appreciated in practice. The availability of karst databases and case histories can greatly assist with the initial assessment of soluble ground geohazards at sites.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.359 | 0.152 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".