Renewable Energy Consumption Convergence in G-7 Countries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examines the convergence of renewable energy consumption in G-7 countries. We employ LM unit root and RALS version of LM unit root tests with endogenously determined with structural one or two breaks. Despite the increase in renewable energy consumption in G-7 countries, it is important to identify whether renewable energy consumption converges across these countries to formulate appropriate policies to support sustainable energy consumption and reduce CO2 emissions. Our analysis indicated that Germany, Italy, and Canada exhibit evidence of convergence. However, after employing both the LM and RALS versions of the LM unit root tests, which consider level shifts with one or two breaks or trend shifts with one or two breaks, we found that there is no evidence of convergence for France, Japan, and the United Kingdom. Overall, our results highlight the importance of formulating country-specific policies to support renewable energy consumption and reduce CO2 emissions. Policymakers need to identify the drivers of renewable energy consumption and adopt appropriate measures to ensure that the countries can meet their climate goals while also ensuring energy security.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".