Biological Control of Botryosphaeria Dieback of Grapevines in British Columbia, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background and goals Botryosphaeria dieback is a grapevine trunk disease responsible for significant economic losses to grape producers worldwide. There are currently no products registered in Canada to control grapevine trunk diseases, and sustainable production has become a focus of the Canadian grape and wine industry. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to evaluate locally sourced Trichoderma spp. as biocontrol of Botryosphaeria dieback fungi in the field, to compare Trichoderma spp. against commercial products registered in other countries, and to determine optimum temperatures for conidial germination of Trichoderma spp. found in British Columbia (BC). Methods and key findings Detached cane assays under greenhouse conditions and field trials in a Merlot vineyard during two growing seasons assessed Trichoderma spp. from BC and commercial products as pruning wound protectants against Diplodia seriata and Neofusicoccum parvum over time. The Trichoderma-based treatments developed in this study provided pruning wound protection for up to 60 days after treatment and performed better or similarly to commercial products. Germination studies showed conidia of Trichoderma canadense germinated faster at lower temperatures than the other Trichoderma spp. Conclusions and significance This represents the first study evaluating locally sourced Trichoderma spp. as protection against grapevine trunk disease fungi under field conditions in Canada, and shows the potential that these endophytic isolates have as pruning wound protectants over time. This study also screened commercial products to manage grapevine trunk diseases for the first time in Canada, providing key data to support product registration. The discovery of faster conidial germination of T. canadense at lower temperatures deserves further investigation, as this species could be better adapted and thus provide more effective pruning wound protection when applied at the colder temperatures experienced in BC during the pruning season.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".