Encapsulation of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria in Poly(itaconic acid) Microspheres by Spray Drying
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Poly(itaconic acid) (PIA) is a renewable, biobased, hydrophilic polymer of superabsorbent properties, with the potential to replace synthetic superabsorbent polymers in agricultural applications. Herein, we tested PIA for encapsulation of two model plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens, using spray drying. Linear PIA was prepared, mixed with PGPB, and spray-dried to form microbe-loaded microspheres. The latter were analyzed for mass yield, moisture content, morphology, and microbial survival. Incubation of the microbes with PIA prior to spray drying showed no significant toxicity. The spray-dried microcapsules were about 1–10 μm in diameter, had a moisture content of about 11%, and contained a viable load of microbes (up to 1 × 10 8 cells/gram of product). The microspheres underwent instantaneous swelling-dissolution to release live bacteria. The CFU data showed a survival of about 79% for B. subtilis after spray drying. This work presents PIA as a safe, sustainable, and promising new encapsulation material for microbial inoculants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".