Early Neolithic Complexes of the Buguldeika 1 Geoarchaeological Site (Western Coast of Lake Baikal)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For the first time, the materials of the Early Neolithic complexes (cultural layers 7 and 8) of the multilayered site Buguldeika 1 on western coast of Lake Baikal, excavated in 2016 by A. A. Timoschenko and E. N. Bocharova, are introduced in full. A comparative analysis of materials from layers 7 and 8 showed that these complexes are largely homogeneous in nature (in terms of production and typology of ceramics and stone items). The differences lie in the changed proportions of cord-impressed Khaita and net-impressed ceramics (the predominance of the first of them in layer 8, and the second in layer 8). The complex of layer 7 contains a more diverse set of stone products, including rods of compound fishhooks of not only the Baikal, but also the Kitoi-like type. Some features were recorded in the composition and ratio of fauna remains, which made it possible to outline differences in fishing strategies: 1) layer 8 – hunting of ungulates, 2) layer 7 – specialized hunting for seals. Probably, such difference is explained by the seasonal characteristics. Based on the stratigraphy, comparison of archaeological materials with synchronous complexes of main multilayered sites of the Cis-Baikal and radiocarbon AMS dating, the age of the cultural layers of the studied site was determined. They represent different chronological periods of the Early Neolithic: layer 8 – 7779–7576 cal BP, and layer 7 – 7406–7168 cal BP. An important point of this study is the fact of the presence of bighorn sheep on the coast of Lake Baikal during the boreal stage of the Holocene (8981–8398 cal BP). Excavations at the Buguldeika 1 showed the prospects for further research of this site and confirmed the existence in the Early Neolithic of the Cis-Baikal of different traditions for the production of ceramic vessels: with impressions of woven net and impressions of cord (Khaita type). A series of radiocarbon dates obtained from all complexes of Cis-Baikal Early Neolithic sites (including Buguldeika 1) indicate that both pottery traditions existed relatively synchronously in the chronological range of 8160–7000 cal BP. A comparative analysis of the Early Neolithic complexes of the Baikal coast with materials from multilayered sites in the south of Middle Siberia showed their correspondence with each other in several techno-morphological characteristics and, above all, in the manufacture of ceramics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".