Chemical looping gasification of biomass using rare earth oxides doped ferric oxide oxygen carrier for hydrogen‐rich syngas production
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract An efficient oxygen carrier (OC) is in great demand in the biomass chemical looping gasification (BCLG) process. In the present study, an innovative rare earth oxide doped ferric oxide OC (Fe 2 O 3 −RE a O b ) derived from the Nd‐Fe‐B sintered magnet waste scraps was employed for the BCLG process for hydrogen‐rich syngas production. The critical variables, including the temperature of gasification, the mass ratio of OC/biomass, the mass ratio of steam/biomass, and the cycle performance of the novel OC, were investigated regarding syngas yield and carbon conversion efficiency. Results found that the optimum conditions were achieved at 900°C, with a mass ratio of OC to biomass of 3:1 and a mass ratio of steam to biomass of 0.4, and a syngas yield of 1.19 Nm 3 /kg with an H 2 /CO mole ratio of 2.45, and a carbon conversion efficiency of 76.80% was reached. Additionally, a comparison between Fe 2 O 3 −RE a O b OC, Fe 2 O 3 −Al 2 O 3 OC, and Fe 2 O 3 −CeO 2 OC was also conducted, with Fe 2 O 3 −RE a O b OC demonstrating a superior performance. The synergistic effects between RE a O b and Fe 2 O 3 , particularly the generation of perovskite oxide NdFeO 3 , contributed to the excellent performance of the Fe 2 O 3 −RE a O b OC during the BCLG process. The outward diffusion of Fe and sintering of the OC reduced the syngas yield and carbon conversion efficiency by about 16.00% and 25.00% over the 20 redox cycles of the BCLG process. In summary, Fe 2 O 3 −RE a O b can be an efficient and promising OC for hydrogen‐rich syngas production in the BCLG process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".