A PEDOT:PSS‐Based Composite Hydrogel as a Versatile Electrode for Wearable Microneedle Sensing Platforms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Advances in biomarker detection have acclaimed a new era of biosensors that enable continuous monitoring of health status, device miniaturization, and wearability. This transition toward integrated, wearable biosensors has necessitated the co‐development of novel materials that can adequately support the operation of these devices. In this study, a novel type of electrode is presented that is suitable for use in wearable electrochemical biosensors. The electrode is constructed using a biocompatible composite hydrogel and takes the form of a hydrogel microneedle (HMN) patch. It is specifically designed for analyzing interstitial fluid. The HMN electrode is a combination of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), a highly conductive polymer, and graphene oxide, incorporated into a crosslinked hydrogel network of methacrylated hyaluronic acid. To ensure the successful penetration of the skin, the fabrication process is carefully optimized to create sharp needles. To assess the performance of the HMN electrode, electrochemical tests are conducted using an ex vivo porcine skin model. Additionally, HMN electrode's suitability is demonstrated as the working electrode of a wearable electrochemical biosensor for in vivo measurement using a rat model. The findings highlight the advancement of the HMN electrode array as an alternative to solid microneedles, representing the next generation of polymeric electrodes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".