Differential occurrence and strain composition of potato viruses between two major seed potato production zones in China suggest the need for different management strategies for the zones
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Viral disease is one of the major reasons leading to yield and quality reduction of potato production. To gain better knowledge about seed potato quality in China, the occurrences of six common viruses, including potato leafroll virus (PLRV) and potato viruses A (PVA), M (PVM), S (PVS), X (PVX) and Y (PVY), were investigated in two of China’s four potato production zones (specifically, Zone I and Zone IV) from 2013 to 2016. A total of 1231 random tuber samples (Zone I, n = 571; Zone IV, n = 660) and 532 symptomatic leaf samples (Zone I, n = 375; Zone IV, n = 157) were collected in seed potato and commercial potato fields and tested for the viruses by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR (tuber samples) and/or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; leaf samples). The results showed that virus-free tubers accounted for 79.7% and 52.0% in seed tuber samples from zones I and IV, respectively. All of the six viruses analysed were present in both zones I and IV, but occurred at different frequencies, with PVY and PVS being the predominant viruses in zones I and IV, respectively. Moreover, 44.0% and 39.8% of the virus-positive samples in zones I and IV, respectively, were found to be infected with more than one virus. Strain typing of PVS and PVY demonstrated the existence of similar strains of PVY (i.e. PVYO, PVYNTNb, PVYN:O, PVYN-Wi, PVY – (SYR-I and -II) and of PVS (i.e. PVSO and PVSA) in both zones. For PVY, recombinant strains were predominant, with SYR-II (27.7%) being the most abundant strain in Zone I and SYR-I (53.3%) being the predominant strain in Zone IV. PVSO was the predominant strain in Zone I whereas PVSA was the dominant strain in Zone IV. This study revealed not only the high incidence of viruses in both seed and commercial potatoes in China, but also the differential occurrence and strain composition of the viruses between two major production zones in China for the first time. In addition, the study suggests the need for different management strategies for different production zones to enhance the quality of seed potatoes in China.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".