Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present a new design for an interfacial dilational rheometer that can generate oscillatory dilational strain on a planar air-liquid interface. The strain is generated by a pneumatic mechanism involving a deformable film, which forms a circular barrier that can contract or expand under different pressures. The interfacial stress is measured using a Wilhelmy rod. We carefully examine and demonstrate the effects of potential sources of measurement error, including inertia, drag, buoyancy, flow from the bulk phase, and surface waves. The design avoids mixed deformations present in other instruments and is currently capable of accurate measurements at frequencies up to ∼0.1 Hz and dilational strains below 0.001, with potential for higher frequencies after further theoretical development. We demonstrate the integration of the interfacial dilational rheometer with a Langmuir trough by measuring the compression isotherm of an insoluble surfactant, stearic acid. Furthermore, we verify the capability of the interfacial dilational rheometer to perform frequency and amplitude sweeps and present the storage and loss moduli for a water-soluble surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, at different concentrations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".