Dose-mortality relationship for quagga and zebra mussels exposed to EarthTec QZ ionic copper: preliminary findings
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Zebra (Dreissena polymorpha Pallas, 1771) and quagga (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis Andrusov, 1897) mussels are important pests in North America and Europe, where they cause costly economic damage to water infrastructure and severe environmental impacts to lake ecosystems.Strategies for combating these invasive mussels do not differentiate between the species, and little is known about how they may differ in terms of their susceptibility to chemical control methods.In this study, adult zebra and quagga mussels were collected from Lake Ontario and exposed to three different concentrations of EarthTec QZ -60, 120, and 180 μg/L as liquid ionic copperuntil 100% mortality was reached.Quagga mussels died significantly faster and at lower doses of copper ion than zebra mussels.Dry tissue collected from the mollusks at the time of death was analyzed for the copper concentration in each species and results revealed that zebra mussels accumulated and were able to tolerate much higher concentrations of copper in their tissues than quagga mussels.After 10 days' exposure to the highest dose rate (180 μg/L) zebra mussels had experienced less than 20% mortality while accumulating more than 1,000 mg/kg copper, whereas the quagga mussels treated at the same 180 ug/L suffered 100% mortality after 10 days despite having accumulated only 300 mg/kg of copper.While more research is needed to explain the precise mechanisms whereby zebra mussels are able to tolerate the much higher bodily concentrations of copper than quagga mussels, these results have direct management implications when copper is used for dreissenid control.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".