Naturally Acquired Rabies in White-Eared Opossum, Brazil
Bibliographic record
Abstract
R abies is a viral zoonosis with high mortality rates caused by Lyssavirus rabies lineages (rabies virus, RABV) (1).Opossums of the genus Didelphis are marsupials widely distributed in the Americas, synanthropic in urban scenarios, and considered resistant to RABV (2).The main urban reservoirs of RABV in Brazil are nonhematophagous bats with distinct lineages and epidemiologic aspects (3).In 2021, passive surveillance programs detected an unusual case of rabies in a white-eared opossum (D. albiventris) by a RABV lineage of frugivorous bats of genus Artibeus spp. in Campinas, São Paulo state, Brazil, the 10th most urbanized city in the country (4).To elucidate the dynamics of this spillover, we describe the results of passive surveillance for rabies in bats and opossums in Campinas in 2021. The StudyIn 2021, we tested samples of frozen brain tissue from 930 bats and 22 opossums for rabies by direct fluorescent antibody test and confirmed infection by virus isolation in cell culture (5) in Campinas.Fixed formalin brain tissue fragments in 15 of these 22 opossums were analyzed by histopathology.In addition, for the opossum that tested positive for rabies, we performed reverse transcription PCR and subsequent phylogenetic analysis of the glycoprotein gene of RABV in the frozen brain tissue and conducted immunohistochemical analysis for rabies in fixed formalin tissues (cerebrum, cerebellum, heart, lungs, liver, spleen, kidney, and adrenal glands) (Appendix 1, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/article/29/12/23-0373-App1.pdf;Appendix 2, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/article/29/12/23-0373-App2.xlsx
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".