“Race” and Racism in the Journal of the Canadian Historical Association, 1922‑2021
Bibliographic record
Abstract
With few exceptions, Journal articles have represented “race” and racism in step with the conventional wisdom of the times. Although “race” as a category of analysis has not been prominently on the agenda for most of the Journal’s one hundred years, the evolution of the concept and its role in Canadian historical interpretation can be discerned through the annual volumes. In the early years, “race” was taken for granted; it was accepted that humankind was divided into fixed groups known as “races,” and that “race” could be a causal factor in history. During and after World War II, there were some challenges to the significance of “race,” and even some denials of its existence altogether. In recent decades, articles in the Journal have begun to recognize the racism deeply embedded in Canadian social and economic structures, and its impact in domestic colonialism and in other forms of sanctioned discrimination. Racism, rather than biological “race,” is now being seen as a factor in Canada’s development. This understanding raises questions about prevailing accounts of Canadian history, with consequent calls for new versions of our collective past.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.033 | 0.020 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".