Antenatal diagnosis of bronchopulmonary sequestration: A case report and review of the literature
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Congenital lung malformations are a constellation of pathologies that can be diagnosed antenatally by ultrasound and fetal MRI. Ultrasound is considered the modality of choice for a routine assessment of second-trimester scans worldwide. Bronchopulmonary sequestration (BPS) and congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) are the 2 most common echogenic chest masses discovered incidentally during routine ultrasound scans in the second trimester. This paper describes BPS and differentiates it from CPAM sonographically in utero. An extensive literature search involving antenatal ultrasound is undertaken to review the most up-to-date understanding of the BPS. Furthermore, a case study at our institution and the literature review will help better describe the salient features of BPS. A 41-year-old female G3P1 visits our department for a routine second-trimester ultrasound. An echogenic lesion with a cystic component is visualized in this scan. Based on the grayscale and color imaging, this complex echogenic lesion was reported as CPAM and was referred to fetal assessment for confirmation. The fetal assessment diagnosed the lesion as BPS because of the pathognomonic feeding vessel from the thoracic aorta. Regardless of the congenital lung mass, any large mass compromising fetal well-being is an indication for intervention. The prognosis of BPS in the absence of fetal hydrops is excellent. A robust collaboration among radiologists, obstetricians, and pediatricians is required for the best outcome for the pregnancy and the neonate.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".