Effects of Potatoes and Other Carbohydrates Consumed at Breakfast on Cognition, Glycemia and Satiety in Children
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background There is a positive association between regular breakfast consumption and cognitive performance in children, however, little is known about the role of macronutrient composition on cognition. The objective of the study was to examine the effects of 50 grams of available carbohydrates from potatoes and other carbohydrates on cognitive performance, glycemia and subjective appetite in 9–14 year old children. Methods Using a within‐subject cross‐over design, 22 children (age=12.4±0.3) were exposed to six counterbalanced conditions, each separated by one week, in which they consumed 50 grams of available carbohydrates from mashed potatoes (426kcal), French fries (424kcal), hash browns (515kcal), rice (407kcal), beans (476kcal), or continued to fast (no breakfast condition) within 2 hours of awakening following a 12‐hour overnight fast. In each condition, children underwent a battery of cognitive tests assessing short‐term and long‐term verbal declarative memory, spatial memory, short‐term auditory memory, working memory, and information‐processing speed over a 3‐hour period. Children provided capillary blood glucose and subjective appetite ratings at baseline (0min) and at 10, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min post‐meal consumption. Results Analyses showed that blood glucose incremental area under the curve (mean mmol·min/L ± SEM) was highest after rice (160±16.8) compared with beans (84.0±12.7) and hash browns (106.8±13.8) (p<0.01). Although alertness was higher after French fries (p<0.01), hash browns (p<0.01), mashed potatoes (p<0.01), and rice (p=0.04) compared with beans and meal skipping, children recalled more words after consuming French fries only, compared with mashed potatoes (p<0.01) and rice (p=0.03). Subjective average appetite (mm/kcal) was lowest after mashed potatoes compared with all other test treatments (p<0.01). Conclusions This study suggests that different forms of carbohydrate intake differentially impact cognitive function and appetite, independent of glycemia. Future studies investigating the physiological and neurochemical mechanisms for cognitive performance and food intake control in breakfast‐eating and non‐breakfast eating children are recommended. Support or Funding Information This study was supported by the Alliance for Potato Research and Education (APRE).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".