Maternal high‐fructose in pregnancy adversely affects morphological aspects of the placenta
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background We have previously reported that pregnant rats fed a high fructose solution developed insulin resistance and hypertriglyceridemia, and that their offspring were smaller at birth than offspring from control (CONT) dams. However, there has been relatively little information about how fetal restriction can be induced by maternal fructose intake and how this leads to increased risks for developing diseases in offspring later in life. We focused our work on the placenta as a key organ to regulate fetal growth since placenta is an important determinants of nutrient supply for the fetus. Therefore, this study examined the effects of high fructose intake on adhesion molecule and nutrient transporter gene expression and morphological features of the placenta at term. Methods Female rats received either a 10% fructose solution (Fr, n=9) or distilled water (CONT, n=8) for 3 weeks prior to and during pregnancy. On gestational day 21, placentae and fetuses were dissected free from the uterus, weighed and the ratio of placental:fetal weight was calculated. Three placentae from each rat dam were used to determine total mRNA expression of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), fatty acid binding protein1 (FABP1), sodium‐coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 (SNAT2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), placental growth factor (PLGF), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 and 2 (VEGFR1, VEGFR2). GAPDH was used as a housekeeping gene. Another three fixed placentae were stained by in situ hybridization and measured for GLUT1 expression between labyrinth zone(LZ)/junctional zone(JZ). P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Fetal weights at gestational day 21 were reduced in the Fr vs. CONT group (Fr=3.38±0.13, CONT=3.86±0.16 g, p<0.05), although the fetal:placental weight ratio did not differ between groups. Total (relative) mRNA expression of VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 was significantly lower in the placentae from Fr vs CONT (VEGFR1, Fr=0.93±0.06, CONT=1.13±0.07; VEGFR2, Fr=0.98±0.15, CONT=1.66±0.13, p<0.05 for both). The GLUT1 mRNA ratio between LZ/JZ was lower in Fr than in CONT (Fr=17.19±2.1, CONT=31.06±5.97, p<0.05). Total mRNA expression of VEGF, PLGF, FABP1 and SNAT2 were not different between groups. Conclusion High fructose intake reduced the expression of glucose transporters in the placenta and reduced the expression of adhesion molecules with important angiogenic properties. These changes were associated with lower birth weight of the fetus. Such changes to the placenta may contribute to poor fetal growth and developmental programming of the offspring associated with increased risk for metabolic disorders in later life. Support or Funding Information NSERC, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".