Cyclooxygenase (COX) Derived Oxylipins are Elevated in Models of Polycystic Kidney Disease, Indicating Potential for COX Inhibition to Treat Disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Oxylipins (e.g. prostaglandins, leukotrienes) are bioactive lipids formed via oxidative metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The oxylipin profile is altered in the Han:SPRD‐ Cy rat and the pcy mouse, both models of nephronophthisis, a rare type of renal cyst disease. In these models, oxylipins formed via the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway are elevated, while those produced via the lipoxygenase (LOX) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) pathways are reduced. Further, inhibition of COX oxylipin formation reduces disease progression in Han:SPRD‐ Cy rat, suggesting its potential for the treatment of these rare disorders. Polycystic kidney diseases (PKD) are more common forms of renal cyst diseases: autosomal dominant PKD (ADPKD) affects 1:400 to 1:1000 individuals and autosomal recessive PKD (ARPKD) affects 1:20,000 individuals. Since the oxylipin profile in PKD is not known, and since there are sex‐specific effects in PKD, the current studies were performed in orthologous models of PKD to determine whether oxylipins are altered in these more common disorders. Methods Mx1Cre + Pkd1 flox/flox (Pkd1) mice and Pkd2 WS25/− (Pkd2) mice are models of ADPKD, and PCK rats are a model of ARPKD. Four independent studies were performed. Male and female Pkd1 mice were injected with saline or polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (pI:pC) at 5 weeks (study#1) or 1 week (study#2) of age to induce disease, and kidneys obtained at 23 and 10 weeks of age, respectively. Kidneys from male and female Pkd2 mice (study#3) and male PCK rats (study#4) were obtained at 16 weeks of age. Over 100 oxylipins were analyzed by HPLC‐MS/MS and quantified using the stable isotope dilution technique. Results In Pkd1 mice induced at 5 weeks, renal levels of the COX metabolite prostaglandin (PG)E 2 was 27% higher in diseased compared to normal kidneys, and in Pkd1 mice induced at 1 week, PGD 2 , PGE 2 and 15k‐PGF 2α were 24, 25 and 65% higher in diseased kidneys, respectively. In Pkd2 mice, PGD 2 and PGF 2α were elevated in diseased kidneys by 98 and 33%, respectively, and in the PCK rat, PGE 2 and 6‐keto‐PGF 1α (PGI 2 metabolite) were elevated by 38 and 53%, respectively. COX oxylipins were higher in kidneys from females compared to males, but there were no sex differences in the disease effects on these oxylipins. In comparison to these consistently higher levels of COX derived oxylipins in diseased kidneys, the LOX and CYP derived oxylipin differences were fewer and less consistent. Conclusions COX oxylipins are elevated in all models of PKD examined, consistent with the findings in the Han:SPRD‐ Cy rat and pcy mouse models of nephronophthisis. As COX inhibition slows disease progression in those rare renal cyst disorders, the current results in PKD models suggest that COX inhibition also may be effective in the more common PKD disorders, for which no effective therapies currently exist. Support or Funding Information Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".