Effect of Vitamin D Fortified Cheese on Oral Glucose Tolerance in Individuals Exhibiting Marginal Vitamin D Status and an Increased Risk for Developing Type 2 Diabetes: A Double‐Blind, Randomized Placebo‐Controlled Clinical Trial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Epidemiological data suggest that vitamin D may play a role in glucose metabolism and homeostasis, and that it maybe particularly important for individuals at an increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Objective We conducted a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial to examine the effects of 28,000 IU of vitamin D3 given in cheese once per week versus placebo on the 2hr oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and measures of insulin sensitivity, secretion and β‐cell function. Study Design Potential participants were identified as being at an increased risk for developing diabetes using the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) questionnaire. Participants who were vitamin D deficient (serum 25‐hydroxy vitamin‐D [25(OH)D] ≤65nmol/L) and who had elevated glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) between 5.4 and 6.4% and/or fasting glucose between 5.6 and 6.9 mmol/L were randomized to receive 28,000 IU of vitamin D3 or placebo (20 IU) once weekly for a period of 24 weeks. The primary outcome of interest was the difference in plasma glucose 2hr after an OGTT between baseline and 24 wks. Secondary outcomes include fasting glucose, fasting and postprandial insulin and indices of insulin sensitivity (Matsuda Index), secretion (insulinogenic index), β–cell function (ISSI‐2) and long‐term glycemic status (HbA1c). Data were analyzed by intention‐to‐treat. Results Seventy‐one participants (mean age 47.4) were randomized and sixty‐three completed the trial. Supplementation produced a significant increase in serum 25(OH)D in the vitamin D group (n= 35) versus placebo (n=36) (103.6±36.5 vs. 46.4±18.9 nmol/ L, p <0.0001). After 24 wks of supplementation 74% of participants in the vitamin D group achieved 25(OH)D levels ≥75nmol/Lvs6% in the placebo group. Supplementation produced no significant improvements in fasting (p=0.89) and glucose 2hr after the OGTT (p= 0.88), fasting (p= 0.28) and postprandial (p= 0.77) insulin, HbA1c (p=0.34), HOMA‐IR (p= 0.32), Matsuda Index (p=0.72), and ISS1‐2 (p=0.86). Conclusion Weekly doses of 28,0000 IU of vitamin D3 for 24 wks in a group of multi‐ethnic, vitaminD–deficient individuals identified as being at high risk for developing T2DMdid not improve oral glucose tolerance, insulinsensitivity, β–cell function or HbA1c. Support or Funding Information Research funded by the Dairy Farmers of Canada and the Public Health Agency of Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".