Subfornical Organ Neurons Integrate Cholecystokinin and Angiotensin II Signals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The subfornical organ (SFO) is a sensory circumventricular organ implicated in the regulation of energy and fluid balance. SFO neurons have been shown to express receptors for and respond to both cholecystokinin (CCK) and angiotensin II (ANG)‐hormones traditionally classified as energy and fluid balance signals, respectively. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether neurons that respond to CCK could also respond to ANG. SFO neurons were micro‐dissected from Sprague‐Dawley rats (21–28 day), dissociated into individual neurons, and incubated at 5mM glucose. Using the perforated patch clamp electrophysiology technique, effects on membrane potential were assessed after isolated SFO neurons were bath applied with CCK‐8S [10nM] followed by ANG II [10nM], allowing for successful washout of the hormone and recovery of the neuron (if responsive) between applications. Our results show that 25% of SFO neurons tested respond to both CCK and ANG directly, causing a depolarization of the membrane potential in response to bath application of both peptides (CCK= + 6.5 mV ± 1.7 mV; ANG= + 7.0 mV ± 1.7 mV; n=2/8), and 38% of neurons tested did not respond to either CCK or ANG (CCK= + 0.2 mV ± 1.4 mV; ANG= + 0.04 mV ± 0.03 mV; n=3/8). A separate population of neurons (38%) did not respond to CCK, and depolarized after ANG application (CCK= − 0.4 mV ± 0.5 mV; ANG= + 9.2 mV ± 4.5 mV; n=3/8). These preliminary data demonstrate that there is a subpopulation of SFO neurons which respond to both CCK and ANG, suggesting that single SFO neurons are able to integrate both of these traditionally classified energy and fluid balance signals. Support or Funding Information This work was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".