Maternal Exposure to Hesperidin and Naringin Flavanones Exerts Transient Effects to Tibia Bone Microstructure in Female CD‐1 Offspring
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Food bioactives may provide a dietary strategy to support healthy bone development. In a developing mouse model, early life but not maternal exposure to soy isoflavones sets a trajectory for higher bone mineral density (BMD), improved bone structure and greater bone strength in female offspring at adulthood. Other bioactives such as citrus flavanones (i.e. hesperidin, (HSP); naringin, (NAR)) have been shown to exert bone‐sparing effects in adult and aging rodents but whether maternal or early life exposure to citrus flavanones changes the trajectory of bone development to result in stronger, healthier bones at adulthood has not been investigated. Objective To determine whether maternal and early life exposure to a diet with HSP and NAR results in improved bone microstructure, higher BMD, and greater biomechanical bone strength in female mouse offspring at adulthood. Methods 5‐wk‐old female CD‐1 mice were fed the AIN‐93G control (CON, n=10) diet alone or with 0.5% HSP + 0.25% NAR (HSP+NAR, n=8) for 5 weeks preconception, and through pregnancy and lactation. HSP and NAR were added to CON diet at the expense of cornstarch, at doses reflecting moderate (400 mL) to high (1 L) orange or grapefruit juice consumption. At weaning, all female offspring were fed CON diet until 6 months of age. At 2, 4 and 6 months of age, right tibias were scanned using in vivo micro‐computed tomography (μCT) to assess trabecular and cortical bone microstructure. Ex vivo μCT scanning of the second lumbar vertebrae (LV2) and femurs was performed to assess site‐specific effects and to determine bone microstructure at skeletal sites rich in trabecular and cortical bone, respectively. Dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry (pSabre, Orthometrix) and biomechanical strength testing (Model 4442, Instron Corp.) were used to assess BMD (whole tibia and femur, LV2) and strength properties (tibia and femur midpoints, LV2), respectively. Results Litter size and weight at postnatal age of 9, 16 and 21 days were similar (p>0.05) between CON and HSP+NAR groups. Food intake and body weights remained similar (p>0.05) between CON and HSP+NAR offspring throughout the study. At 2 and 4 months of age, compromised trabecular (bone volume fraction, trabecular number and separation, connectivity density) but not cortical bone microstructure was observed at the proximal tibias of HSP+NAR versus CON offspring (p<0.05). At 6 months, these differences in trabecular structure at the proximal tibia had disappeared; BMD, trabecular or cortical bone microstructure, and biomechanical bone strength did not differ (p>0.05) between HSP+NAR and CON offspring at all skeletal sites assessed. Conclusion Maternal and early life exposure to HSP+NAR does not enhance bone development in female CD‐1 offspring. Compromised trabecular bone structure during early life does not persist into adulthood, and BMD and strength of the tibia is not altered at 6 months of age, representing adulthood. Support or Funding Information This research was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Grant #130544) and the Canada Foundation for Innovation (Grant #222084) for purchase of the micro‐computed tomography system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".