Age‐Related Alterations in Cutaneous Vascular and Sweating Responses Depend on Sex and Types of Receptor Agonist
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In humans, peripheral cutaneous vascular and sweating function may be altered by aging. For example, cholinergic sweating (Stapleton et al. Physiol Rep, 2(7), pii: e12078, 2014) and cutaneous vasodilation (Bruning et al. J Appl Physiol, 112 (12), 2019, 2012) are markedly lower in older relative to young adults. However, it remains unclear if aging also modulates cutaneous vasodilation and sweating in response to non‐cholinergic receptor activation, and if so, to what extent. Our recent studies show that aging does not affect cutaneous vasodilation elicited by prostacyclin in males (Fujii et al. J Physiol 594 (21), 6419, 2016) whereas in older females we observed an augmented cutaneous vasodilation (unpublished data). Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine how aging might differentially modulate cutaneous vascular and sweating responses to cholinergic and non‐cholinergic receptor activations between males and females. In this preliminary study, 8 young males (23±3 years), 10 young females (23±5 years), 12 older males (58±8 years), and 9 older females (61±9 years) were recruited. In each group, cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC, measured via laser Doppler flowmetry) and sweat rate (measured via sweat capsule) was evaluated at four intradermal forearm skin sites that perfused with the following different receptor agonists: 1) methacholine (cholinergic receptor agonist, 5 doses: 0.0125, 0.25, 5, 100, 2000 mM), 2) ATP (purinergic receptor agonist, 5 doses: 0.03, 0.3, 3, 30, 300 mM), 3) nicotine (nicotinic receptor agonist, 5 doses: 1.2, 3.6, 11, 33, 100 mM), and 4) isoproterenol (β‐adrenergic receptor agonist, 3 doses: 1, 10, 100 μM). An age‐related reduction for cholinergic sweating was observed in females ( P ≤0.05) but not males ( P >0.05). Moreover, purinergic cutaneous vasodilation was attenuated in older relative to young adults for males only ( P ≤0.05). β‐adrenergic cutaneous vasodilation was greater in both older males and females as compared to their younger counterparts ( P ≤0.05). Furthermore, there were no age‐related differences in cholinergic cutaneous vasodilation, nicotinic cutaneous vasodilation and sweating, as well as β‐adrenergic sweating, irrespective of sex ( P >0.05). Purinergic receptor activation did not elicit an increase in sweating among all groups (all P >0.05). Our results show that aging modulates cutaneous vascular and sweating responses, however this modulation is dependent on sex and types of receptor agonist. Support or Funding Information This study was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Discovery grant, RGPIN‐06313‐2014; Discovery Grants Program ‐ Accelerator Supplement, RGPAS‐462252‐2014; funds held by Dr. Glen P. Kenny).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".