Mechanisms of appetite suppression after high intensity exercise in lean and obese boys
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background High intensity exercise (HIE) suppresses appetite in adults and is thought to be mediated by appetite regulating hormones. It also affects a variety of other appetite controlling mechanism, such as inflammation and stress. Rationale Although the role of appetite hormones in HIE suppression of appetite has received much attention, their role remains unclear. Hypothesis HIE exercise induces a reduction of appetite due to an increase in inflammation and stress related responses. Objective To investigate and compare the underlying mechanisms contributing to the suppression of appetite with HIE in obese and lean children. Methods Crossover design of 11 lean and 11 obese boys (aged 10–18y) randomly assigned to rest or 30 min of HIE at 70% peak oxygen consumption (VO 2 peak). Subjective appetite was assessed before and after HIE with visual analog scales. Blood samples were collected at baseline (0 min), immediately after exercise at 50 min, 80 min and 110 min. Plasma biomarkers of appetite were measured by leptin, active ghrelin, glucagon‐like‐peptide‐1 (GLP‐1), peptide YY (PYY) and biomarkers of stress and inflammation were assessed by c‐reactive protein (CRP), Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) and cortisol. Results At baseline, appetite was significantly increased (p=0.026) in obese compared to lean children. Appetite increased over time (p<0.001) but was suppressed by HIE (p=0.006) with no differences in lean and obese. Leptin (p<0.001), glucose (p=0.011) and insulin (p<0.001) were also increased more in obese children. At baseline there was no difference in active ghrelin, GLP‐1, PYY, CRP, IL‐6, TNF‐α and cortisol between lean and obese children. HIE suppressed active ghrelin (p<0.001) and increased inflammation as measured by interleukin‐6 (p<0.001), tumor‐necrosis‐factor‐alpha (p<0.001) and stress as measured by cortisol (p<0.001), with no differences in lean or obese. Blood glucose (p=0.002) and Insulin (p=0.028) increased with HIE. Interaction analysis for bodyweight and HIE revealed an increase in blood glucose (p=0.032) and insulin (p=0.042) in lean when compared to obese. The anorectic hormones, leptin, GLP‐1, PYY and CRP and biomarkers of inflammation and stress, CRP and cortisol, were not affected by HIE. Conclusion The suppression of appetite with HIE was similar in lean and obese boys and accompanied by a decrease of the orexigenic hormone active ghrelin and increased inflammation and stress responses. The relative role of each of these signals in the suppression of appetite with HIE remains to be determined. Support or Funding Information This project was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".