Cardiovascular regulation in mice with attenuation or overexpression of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) gene: parasympathetic function in heart failure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Studies have shown that a parasympathetic hypoactivity has been identified as an independent risk factor in patients with myocardial infarction (Kleiger et al., 1987; La Rovere et al., 1998). Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effects of the attenuation, or the overexpression, of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) gene on cardiovascular responses during the development of heart failure (HF). The study was conducted in mice knockdown homozygous for the VAChT gene (VAChT KD HOM , n=3) and transgenic subjects with overexpression of the VAChT gene (ChAT–ChR2–EYFP, n=4). Mice were implanted with probes for arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) recording by telemetry. Ten days after probe implantation the hemodynamics (AP and HR) and cardiac sympathovagal balance were assessed. Next, the mice were submitted to left coronary artery ligation for producing myocardial infarction (MI) and the development of HF. Data were collected 1 and 4 weeks after MI. Morphological analysis revealed similar infarct size among groups (32±4% in VAChT KD HOM vs. 28±2% in ChAT–ChR2–EYFP). VAChT KD HOM mice showed 1 week after MI increased mean AP (MAP) and HR; these parameters were back to normal after 4 weeks. ChAT–ChR2–EYFP mice presented 1 week after MI opposite results, with reduction of MAP and HR. MAP was back to normal after 4 weeks, while the HR remained at lower levels. Regarding the cardiac sympathovagal balance, there were no differences between groups. Overall, the results suggest that even though the extent of the MI was similar in both groups, the hemodynamic profile after this cardiac insult was opposite; VAChT KD HOM mice responded to MI with increased MAP and HR, whereas ChAT–ChR2–EYFP mice with reduction of both hemodynamic variables. Support or Funding Information FAPESP
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".