Decreased Systemic Microvascular Function May Contribute to Increased Cardiovascular Risk in Women with Asthma
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals with asthma are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD), with the greatest risk being reported among asthmatic women. The mechanisms underlying differences in CVD risk between sexes are presently unknown. However, endothelial and microvascular dysfunction, and elevated arterial stiffness are early indicators of CVD development and have been shown to be predictive of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine markers of vascular health and thus, CVD risk in men and women with asthma. METHODS Thirteen male (27.9±6.3 years) and eleven female asthmatics (24.7±4.7 years), matched for BMI, were recruited for the study and screened for known cardiovascular conditions. Participants were required to fast and refrain from drinking alcohol, exercising, and using a bronchodilator for 12 hours prior to testing. Endothelial function was assessed by flow‐mediated dilation normalized to shear stress (FMD/SS). Microvascular function was evaluated as hyperemic blood flow (Velocity Time Integral, VTI; cm/s) and arterial stiffness as carotid and radial pulse wave velocity (PWV; m/s). All measurements were done in the supine position following 10 minutes of rest. Two‐tailed Student's t‐tests were used to for statistical comparison between males and females. RESULTS No between‐group differences were seen in endothelial function (female: 0.054±0.009; male: 0.058±0.047, p =0.820), or arterial stiffness (7.8±1.5; 8.8±1.3 m/s, p =0.115). However, women had reduced microvascular function, evaluated as reactive hyperemic blood flow, in comparison to men (74.7±17.4; 96.7±28.2 cm/s, p= 0.035). CONCLUSIONS Asthmatic women have reduced microvascular function compared to asthmatic men, which may be a contributing factor to the increased risk of CVD seen among women with asthma. Support or Funding Information The Lung Association, Alberta & North West Territories (NWT)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".