Consumption of a Cracker and Salty Snack Dietary Grain Pattern is Associated with Greater Intake of Certain Food Groups to Encourage in US Children and Adolescents: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005–2010
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Crackers represent a grain food product that can be popular with children and adolescents due to the palatability, acceptability and convenience attributes. The purpose of this study was to compare various food group intakes in children and adolescents (2–18 years of age, n=8,367) consuming a predominantly crackers and salty snack dietary grain pattern and compare to those who did not consume grain foods. To develop food patterns of grain consumption we used cluster analyses, which is a statistical procedure that analyses large data sets to develop various patterns while trying to maximize differences among the patterns. The USDA food coding system was used to define main categories of grain foods. Cluster analysis using data from What We Eat in America, 2005–2010, the dietary intake component of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, identified 26.1% of the population that reported consuming 53% of their total daily grains from crackers and salty snacks. Total grain intake was significantly higher for children and adolescents consuming a crackers and salty snack grain pattern relative to children and adolescents not consuming grains (6.90±1.0 vs. 5.13±0.2 oz equivalents, p<0.01). Similarly, children and adolescents consuming crackers and salty snacks had greater whole grain intake in comparison to those individuals not consuming grains (0.66±0.03 vs. 0.08±0.2 oz equivalents/day, p<0.01). Furthermore, children consuming a cracker and salty snack dietary grain pattern had significantly greater intake of whole fruit (0.64±0.03 vs. 0.49±0.05 cup equivalents/day, p<0.01), and total fruit (1.11±0.04 vs. 0.87±0.06 cup equivalents/day, p<0.01), and lower intakes of discretionary solid fat (37.0±1.0 vs. 40.6±1.0 g/day, p<0.01) vs. children and adolescents not consuming main grain foods. No differences were observed for daily intake of added sugar, sodium, discretionary oil, dark green leafy vegetables, meat, legumes or milk. The current preliminary data support that consumption of a crackers and salty snack dietary grain pattern in children and adolescents was associated with improved whole grain and fruit consumption, and lower discretionary solid fat intake. While more research is needed, incorporating both whole and refined grains, while limiting nutrients to avoid, may prove beneficial in the diets of US children and adolescents. Support or Funding Information Supported by Grain Foods Foundation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".