Bibliographic record
Abstract
Karacahisar is a medieval castle located 7 km away from the center of Eskişehir. There is no definite information regarding the castle’s name before the Ottoman period. The name “Karacahisar” is first encountered in Ottoman chronicles. According to the narratives within these chronicles, Karacahisar was the Ottoman Beylik’s first conquest. Additionally, the castle is known as the site of the first sermon and the implementation of the initial tax. It is evident that Dorylaion (Eskişehir) was a multifaceted / multi-focused city during the Byzantine era, and Karacahisar served as one of the fortified areas safeguarding the city and the region. Evidence obtained particularly from coins indicates the presence of a settlement within the castle since the 7th century (Phase I). Also based on the distribution of archaeological findings, it is understood that the castle was used intermittently until the 11th century (probably depending on the defense needs of the city and the region), and a comprehensive repair and construction process took place in the last quarter of the 12th century (1175, during the Myrocephalon War) (Phase II). In the 13th century, Seljuk coins from that era were discovered in the castle, which was located on the border between the Seljuks and Byzantium. It was noted as a significant result that the castle was permanently conquered by Osman Gazi (1288), after the date represented by the Seljuk coin of Keyhüsrev III (1266- 1284). The architectural characteristics observed in the third phase of the castle belong to the Early Ottoman period. Archaeological findings indicate the existence of substantial habitation within the castle during this period. The earliest finding that can be dated to the Ottoman period is a silver coin attributed to Orhan Gazi. The presence of numerous coins associated with Murad I, Yıldırım Bayezid, Emir Süleyman, Çelebi Mehmed and Murad II within the castle further indicates that Karacahisar retained its strategic importance during these periods. These data are compatible with the information found in written sources. Apart from the Ottoman coins, the other coins found in the castle are mainly dated to the 14th and 15th centuries (Germiyanoğlu, Karaman, Menteşe, Aydınoğlu, Candaroğlu, Mamluk and Latin). Datable ceramics, the most intense group of finds of the excavations, also pointed to the same conclusion as the coins. The significant decrease in archaeological data starting from the second half of the 15th century also supported the information in the archive document stating that the castle was abandoned during the reign of Mehmed the Conqueror. The disappearance of the strategic importance of Karacahisar after the Ottoman Empire took complete control of the region during the reign of Mehmet the Conqueror was interpreted as the main reason for these results. For more detailed information, please refer to the Extended Abstract at the end of the text
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.040 | 0.009 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".