High species diversity in <i>Diaporthe</i> associated with citrus diseases in China
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Species in Diaporthe have broad host ranges and cosmopolitan geographic distributions, occurring as endophytes, saprobes and plantpathogens. Previous studies have indicated that many Diaporthe species are associated with Citrus . To further determine the diversity of Diaporthe species associated with citrus diseases in China, we conducted extensive surveys in major citrus-producing are as from 2017–2020. Diseased tissues we recollected from leaves, fruits, twigs, branches and trunks showing a range of symptoms including melanose, dieback, gummosis, wood decay and canker. Based on phylogenetic comparisons of DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer regions(ITS), calmodulin( cal ), histoneH3( his3 ), translation elongation factor1-alpha ( tef1 ) and beta-tubulin ( tub2 ), 393 isolates from 10 provinces were identified as belonging to 36 species of Diaporthe , including 32 known species, namely D. apiculata , D. biconispora , D. biguttulata , D. caryae , D. citri , D. citriasiana , D. compacta , D. discoidispora , D. endophytica , D. eres , D. fusicola , D. fulvicolor , D. guangxiensis , D. hongkongensis , D. hubeiensis , D. limonicola , D. litchii , D. novem , D. passifloricola , D. penetriteum , D. pescicola , D. pometiae , D. sackstonii , D. sennicola , D. sojae , D. spinosa , D. subclavata , D. tectonae , D. tibetensis , D. unshiuensis , D. velutina and D. xishuangbanica , and four new species, namely D. gammata , D. jishouensis , D. ruiliensis and D. sexualispora . Among the 32 known species, 14 are reported for the first time on Citrus , and two are newly reported from China. Among the 36 species, D. citri was the dominant species as exemplified by its high frequency of isolationand virulence. Pathogenicity tests indicated that most Diaporthe species obtained in this study were weakly aggressive or non-pathogenic to the tested citrus varieties. Only D. citri produced the longest lesion lengths on citrus shoots and induced melanose on citrus leaves. These results further demonstrated that a rich diversity of Diaporthe species occupy Citrus , but only a few species are harmful and D. citri is the main pathogen for Citrus in China. The present study provides a basis from which targeted monitoring, prevention and control measures can be developed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".