Mg2+ Ions Stimulate both Helical Protoplast-Callose-Fiber Formation and Protoplast Division in a Mangrove Tree, Sonneratia caseolaris: Analysis of Sub-fibril Structures of PCF by Atomic Force Microscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effects of four salts, NaCl, KCl, MgCl2 and CaCl2, on protoplast division and protoplast-callose-fiber (PCF) formation were examined using suspension cultured cells of a mangrove tree, Sonneratia caseolaris. Basal medium was hormone-free Murashige & Skoog’s medium containing 0.8 M sorbitol and 3% sucrose. Addition of 50-100 mM of Mg2+ ions highly stimulated both cell division and PCF formation, while addition of Ca2+ ions was inhibitory. Addition of Na+ ions at 10-25 mM and K+ ions at 50-100 mM stimulated protoplast division but not PCF formation. Helical PCF rapidly elongated from a specific site of cell division plate after 3 days of culture. The β-1,3-glucan (callose) component of the protoplast-fibers was stained with Aniline Blue fluorescent dye and was re-certified enzymatically using laminarinase. After selecting the PCF using a micromanipulator, we analyzed the fibril- and sub-fibril- structures using laser confocal scanning microscopy (LCSM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). We discuss the uniqueness of the PCF of S. caseolaris as compared to PCFs of several plants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".