Laser Direct Writing of Crystallized TiO<sub>2</sub> by Photothermal Effect Induced by Gold Nanoparticles
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Near‐infrared (NIR) laser annealing is successfully used to crystallize TiO 2 thin films from a sol–gel solution deposited on gold nanoparticle arrays (AuNPs). The AuNPs are used as nano‐heaters allowing a local temperature increase up to 500 °C in the film. The temperature reached under the laser is deduced from the presence of the anatase phase in the samples obtained by laser exposure, showing that crystallized TiO 2 can be obtained by the photothermal effect. Different analytical techniques supported this study, such as grazing X‐ray diffraction (GIXRD), UV–vis, and Raman spectroscopy. The temperature increase is confirmed by a numerical model that emphasizes the role of NPs coupling in the photothermal effect. Direct laser patterning by NIR laser and in combination with Deep‐UV photolithography (DUV) are demonstrated. This fabrication method opens new perspectives in applications such as photonics, photocatalysis, or biosensing.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it