Laser Direct Writing of Crystallized TiO<sub>2</sub> by Photothermal Effect Induced by Gold Nanoparticles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Near‐infrared (NIR) laser annealing is successfully used to crystallize TiO2 thin films from a sol–gel solution deposited on gold nanoparticle arrays (AuNPs). The AuNPs are used as nano‐heaters allowing a local temperature increase up to 500 °C in the film. The temperature reached under the laser is deduced from the presence of the anatase phase in the samples obtained by laser exposure, showing that crystallized TiO2 can be obtained by the photothermal effect. Different analytical techniques supported this study, such as grazing X‐ray diffraction (GIXRD), UV–vis, and Raman spectroscopy. The temperature increase is confirmed by a numerical model that emphasizes the role of NPs coupling in the photothermal effect. Direct laser patterning by NIR laser and in combination with Deep‐UV photolithography (DUV) are demonstrated. This fabrication method opens new perspectives in applications such as photonics, photocatalysis, or biosensing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".