Cu‐In Dual Sites with Sulfur Defects toward Superior Ethanol Electrosynthesis from CO<sub>2</sub> Electrolysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The electrosynthesis of multi‐carbon chemicals from excess carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is an area of great interest for research and commercial applications. However, improving both the yield of CO 2 ‐to‐ethanol conversion and the stability of the catalyst at the same time is proving to be a challenging issue. Here it is proposed to stabilize active Cu(I) and In dual sites with sulfur defects through an electro‐driven intercalation strategy, which leads to the delocalization of electron density that enhances orbital hybridizations between the Cu‐C and In‐H bonds. Hence, the energy barrier for the rate‐limiting *CHO formation step is reduced toward the key *OCHCHO* formation during ethanol production, which is also facilitated by the combined Cu site enabling C‐C coupling and In site with a higher oxygen affinity based on both thermodynamic and kinetic calculations. Accordingly, such dual‐site catalyst achieves a high partial current density toward ethanol of 409 ± 15 mA cm⁻ 2 for over 120 h. Furthermore, a scaled‐up flow cell is assembled with an industrial‐relevant current of 5.7 A for over 36 h, in which the carbon loss is less than 2.5% and single‐pass carbon efficiency is ≈19%.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".