All‐gel Proton‐conducting Batteries with BiOCl and VOSO<sub>4</sub> as Active Materials
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Flexible, scalable, and low‐cost energy storage solutions are required for the widespread use of renewable energy and the mitigation of climate change. State‐of‐the‐art lithium‐ion batteries provide high specific energy density; however, designing a safe and cost‐effective grid‐scale lithium‐ion battery is still a major challenge. Redox flow batteries are scalable due to their ability to decouple power and energy; however, the commercial applications of these batteries are limited because of expensive ion‐selective membranes. In this paper, we report a modified battery design approach in which Bi/BiOCl and V 4+ /V 5+ reaction‐based redox couples are utilized while employing a gel‐based architecture. We show, for the first time, that Bi/BiOCl conversion reaction based redox couple can reversibly work against traditional vanadium‐based redox pair in an aqueous electrolyte. Redox active materials in this cell design are in the gel form, and a traditional membrane or a separator is not required. This proof‐of‐concept battery delivers 0.9 V with a volumetric energy density of 22.14 Wh/L.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".