Severe asthma in horses is associated with increased airway innervation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Altered innervation structure and function contribute to airway hyperresponsiveness in human asthma, yet the role of innervation in airflow limitation in asthma in horses remains unknown. Hypothesis To characterize peribronchial innervation in horses with asthma. We hypothesized that airway innervation increases in horses with asthma compared with controls. Animals Formalin-fixed lung samples from 8 horses with severe asthma and 8 healthy horses from the Equine Respiratory Tissue Biobank. Ante-mortem lung function was recorded. Methods Blinded case-control study. Immunohistochemistry was performed using rabbit anti-s100 antibody as a neuronal marker for myelinating and non-myelinating Schwann cells. The number and cumulative area of nerves in the peribronchial region and associated with airway smooth muscle were recorded using histomorphometry and corrected for airway size. Results Both the number (median [IQR]: 1.87 × 10−5 nerves/μm2 [1.28 × 10−5]) and the cumulative nerve area (CNA; 1.03 × 10−3 CNA/μm2 [1.57 × 10−3]) were higher in the peribronchial region of horses with asthma compared with controls (5.17 × 10−6 nerves/μm2 [3.76 × 10−6], 4.14 × 10−4 CNA/μm2 [2.54 × 10−4], Mann-Whitney, P = .01). The number of nerves within or lining airway smooth muscle was significantly higher in horses with asthma (4.47 × 10−6 nerves/μm2 [5.75 × 10−6]) compared with controls (2.26 × 10−6 nerves/μm2 [1.16 × 10−6], Mann-Whitney, P = .03). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Asthma in horses is associated with greater airway innervation, possibly contributing to airway smooth muscle remodeling and exacerbating severity of the disease.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".