Leaf- and diverged shoot meristem programs shape the stem in rice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The stem is the shoot axis in seed plants and has been a primary target in breeding to regulate crop height. However, early processes of stem development remain elusive. Here we show that regulators for shoot meristems and leaves determine the node-internode pattern in rice. Mutants of KNOX1 genes OSH15 and OSH1 , known to maintain shoot meristem indeterminacy 1,2 , showed dwarfism due to enlarged nodes and diminished internodes. These genes confine node differentiation by repressing leaf developmental regulator YABBY genes in internodal vasculatures. YABBY expression, which normally extends from leaves to nodes along vasculatures, promotes nodal vascular differentiation and limits stem elongation. It expands in knox1 mutants, and the loss of YABBY genes reverts their dwarfism. OSH15 also represses node-specific KNOX1 subclade genes OSH6 and OSH71 to allow internode elongation. Importantly, both YABBY and node-specific KNOX1 genes are required for pulvinus formation at the leaf base, further elaborating the nodal structure for gravitropism. Thus, intersections between leaf and sub-functionalized shoot meristem programs shape nodes and internodes along the stem. Phylogenetic analysis showed that KNOX1 sub-functionalization likely occurred in the progenitor of gymnosperms and angiosperms. Given that seed plants acquired their leaves independently from other vascular plant lineages 3,4 , the emergence of the node-internode pattern and KNOX1 - YABBY regulatory module may be linked to seed plant leaf evolution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".