Violence among women living with HIV in Iran: prevalence and related risk factors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Because of socio-cultural factors, such as violence perpetrated by intimate partners, women continue to be disproportionately affected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/ acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic.Intimate partner violence has an impact on participation in treatment of HIV-positive women.The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of lifetime violence among Iranian women living with HIV, and to identify possible risk factors. Material and methods:The study was conducted among 135 HIV-positive women referring to the Counseling Center for Behavioral Diseases of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran.In this study, a researcher-made questionnaire was used for collecting data through face-to-face interviews.The questionnaire included questions related to basic socio-demographic, sexual practices, stigma/ discrimination, and domestic violence.Results: Of the 135 interviewees, 91.5% had never experienced mental violence, and 84.4% had never experienced social violence, while 97.8% suffered from violence in their marriages.In our study, women's unemployment, low socio-economic status, and patriarchal dominance in families were the main predictors of intimate partner violence (IPV).We found a negative relationship between marital satisfaction and domestic violence.It was revealed that IPV also affects couples' ability to issues related to their sexual life, including negotiating condom use and monogamy.Conclusions: A high proportion of HIV-positive women in Iran reported an experience of IPV in their lives.IPV was associated with situations involving a woman having an intimate relationship with her male partner.Due to its' high prevalence, we recommend increasing knowledge about IPV among HIV healthcare providers and universal screening.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".