Violence among women living with HIV in Iran: prevalence and related risk factors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Because of socio-cultural factors, such as violence perpetrated by intimate partners, women continue to be disproportionately affected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/ acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic.Intimate partner violence has an impact on participation in treatment of HIV-positive women.The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of lifetime violence among Iranian women living with HIV, and to identify possible risk factors. Material and methods:The study was conducted among 135 HIV-positive women referring to the Counseling Center for Behavioral Diseases of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran.In this study, a researcher-made questionnaire was used for collecting data through face-to-face interviews.The questionnaire included questions related to basic socio-demographic, sexual practices, stigma/ discrimination, and domestic violence.Results: Of the 135 interviewees, 91.5% had never experienced mental violence, and 84.4% had never experienced social violence, while 97.8% suffered from violence in their marriages.In our study, women's unemployment, low socio-economic status, and patriarchal dominance in families were the main predictors of intimate partner violence (IPV).We found a negative relationship between marital satisfaction and domestic violence.It was revealed that IPV also affects couples' ability to issues related to their sexual life, including negotiating condom use and monogamy. Conclusions:A high proportion of HIV-positive women in Iran reported an experience of IPV in their lives.IPV was associated with situations involving a woman having an intimate relationship with her male partner.Due to its' high prevalence, we recommend increasing knowledge about IPV among HIV healthcare providers and universal screening.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".