R718+r717 high temperature cascade heat pump with liquid injection invapor compression processes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High temperature cascade heat pumps (HTCHP) with water, aka R718, at the high stage (HS) and ammonia, aka R717, at the low stage (LS) exhibit a great potential to satisfy both industrial heating and cooling demands while mitigating the global warming issue via industrial decarbonation/electrification as both refrigerants have extremely low global warming potential. In this study, a HTCHP with R718+R717 as HS/LS pair is proposed, and the thermodynamic analysis of the cycle is presented. Liquid refrigerant injection into the compression processes is the key factor in desuperheating the compression discharge temperature in both high and low stages. Additionally, the proposed cycle can benefit from low grade waste heat and renewable energy sources such as geothermal/ground/solar source in the form of heat recovery for heating the R717 evaporator. Coefficient of performance (COP), volumetric heating capacity (VHC), and COP×VHC maps at different cascade temperature lifts are also presented. The obtained results reveal that at a cascade temperature lift of 180°C (from Teva,R717 = -10°C to Tcon,R718 = 170°C), the cascade cycle can satisfy a 1 MW high temperature heating load with a COP of 1.35 where 438.6 kW cooling load can be delivered at -10°C.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".