Audio data compression affects acoustic indices and reduces detections of birds by human listening and automated recognisers
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Increasing popularity in passive acoustic monitoring and the ease with which researchers can accumulate large quantities of acoustic data has resulted in challenges for audio recording storage, archiving, and management.Reductions in file size can be achieved by lowering sample rate and compressing to different formats; however, how these processes affect audio data quality, and the resulting interpretation of wildlife data is not well understood.We investigated the effect of sampling rate and lossy compression of audio recordings to MP3 from their native WAV format on the performance of four commonly applied avian bioacoustic applications: community listening, distance estimation, automated recognition, and acoustic indices.Compression to MP3 decreased the number of detections, including a reduction in total abundance of individuals when transcribing audio files for community listening and lower precision and recall for automated recognisers.Sampling rate reduction introduced systematic bias to acoustic indices and had an influence on precision and recall for recognisers as well.We recommend against the use of MP3 compression to reduce file volume and suggest other lossless forms of audio compression where an exact copy of the original recording can be recovered.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it