Bibliographic record
Abstract
hen scholars, students, and citizens turn their attention to the making of Canada and Confederation, they focus almost exclusively on the period from the early 1860s to 1867.That year, 1867, after all, was when several British colonies came together and created Canada as a nation-state.Canadians have marked the anniversary of that important moment on a number of occasions with considerable pomp and ceremony, notably and most recently in 2017 with the sesquicentennial-that is, the 150th anniversary-of Canadian Confederation.To many Canadians, however, their provinces did not become a part of Canada until the years after 1867, and for First Nations and other Indigenous Peoples the origins of Canada extend far earlier than that date.While Manitoba, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island joined in the years immediately following 1867, Saskatchewan and Alberta became provinces nearly four decades later.Confederation took a very long time in Newfoundland.It remained outside of Canada until 1949, more than eight decades after 1867.This book considers the issue of Confederation in Newfoundland politics from the early 1860s, when-like the other British North American colonies-it seriously turned its focus to union, until 1949, when it finally became a province of Canada.We are particularly interested in those periods when the union of Newfoundland with Canada• ix •
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.434 | 0.240 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".