Structural Effect of Rhenium‐ and Iridium‐Complex Liposome Composition on Their Selectivity for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is an alternative to antibiotics that has potential for the treatment of chronic skin wounds, but requires improved, highly selective photosensitizer systems. Rhenium (Re)‐complex‐ and iridium (Ir)‐complex‐based phospholipid conjugates, as PDT‐functional building blocks for liposomes, are presented, and varying structural components and proportion of compounds are explored, including adjusting the cholesterol and polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐lipid contents, incorporating ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)‐lipid, and introducing the cationic lipid 1,2‐dioleoyl‐3‐trimethylammonium propane (DOTAP) to enhance their efficacy and selectivity in aPDT. Ir/Re‐liposomes have nanostructurally enhanced photoactivity compared to monomeric Ir/Re‐lipids. Ir‐liposomes exhibit stronger light absorption and higher emission generation (>threefold) than Re‐liposomes, resulting in superior efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus while maintaining better tolerability toward host cells. Formulations with higher cholesterol (40 mol%) and PEG‐lipid (5%) content demonstrate increased potency against S. aureus . The incorporation of EDTA‐lipid significantly enhances aPDT efficacy but also increases toxicity toward host cells. Incorporation of DOTAP alters the nanoparticles’ surface charge, potentially improving their interaction with bacterial walls, but negatively impacts their stability, leading to aggregation of the nanoparticles. Ir‐HC demonstrates ideal characteristics (effectiveness, selectivity, and stability) for aPDT under the tested conditions, indicating the importance of the structural design of Re‐ and Ir‐complex liposomes for their selectivity in aPDT.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it