Assessing the Toxicity of Benzotriazole Ultraviolet Stabilizers to Fishes: Insights into Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Mediated Effects
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVSs) are chemicals used to mitigate UV-induced damage to manufactured goods. Their presence in aquatic environments and biota raises concerns, as certain BUVSs activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which is linked to adverse effects in fish. However, potencies of BUVSs as AhR agonists and species sensitivities to AhR activation are poorly understood. This study evaluated the toxicity of three BUVSs using embryotoxicity assays. Zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) embryos exposed to BUVSs by microinjection suffered dose-dependent increases in mortality, with LD 50 values of 4772, 11 608, and 56 292 ng/g-egg for UV-P, UV-9, and UV-090, respectively. The potencies and species sensitivities to AhR2 activation by BUVSs were assessed using a luciferase reporter gene assay with COS-7 cells transfected with the AhR2 of zebrafish and eight other fishes. The rank order of potency for activation of the AhR2 from all nine species was UV-P > UV-9 > UV-090. However, AhR2s among species differed in sensitivities to activation by up to 100-fold. An approximate reversed rank order of species sensitivity was observed compared to the rank order of sensitivity to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo[ p ]dioxin, the prototypical AhR agonist. Despite this, a pre-existing quantitative adverse outcome pathway linking AhR activation to embryo lethality could predict embryotoxicities of BUVSs in zebrafish.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".