Simple detection of polystyrene nanoparticles and effects in freshwater mussels: method development and <i>in situ</i> application to urban pollution
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The ubiquity of plastics in environments worldwide is raising concerns about their toxicity to organisms. The purpose of this study was to investigate simple means to determine the exposure and effects of nanoplastics (NPs) in the freshwater mussels Elliptio complanata (E. complanata ). NP tissue levels were determined using a plasmonic nanogold sensor probe and effects were determined using the refractive index (RI) and thiol-reaction rates (TRR) in protein-dense tissue extracts. This method was adapted to quantitatively measure the concentration of NPs in tissues using a salting-out extraction in the presence of acetonitrile (ACN). Concentrated solutions of albumin were first spiked with NPs to evaluate changes in RI and TRR to determine crowding effects. The data revealed that NPs readily decreased the RI and TRR in albumin in vitro . These three simple assays were then applied on freshwater mussels caged for 3 months at various sites in a largely populated area. Mussels downstream of the city center and found at the street runoff discharge sites were highly contaminated by NPs and the RI and TRR were also reduced. In conclusion, simple and readily accessible assays to assess the NP contamination based on a visual nanogold sensor technology, and the effects of plastics are proposed for freshwater mussels.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".