Long-term outcomes of pulmonary embolism in children and adolescents
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Knowledge regarding the long-term consequences of pulmonary embolism (PE) in children is limited. This cohort study describes the long-term outcomes of PE in children who were followed-up at a single-center institution using a local protocol that included clinical evaluation, chest imaging, echocardiography, pulmonary function tests, and cardiopulmonary exercise tests at follow-up, starting 3 to 6 months after acute PE. Children objectively diagnosed with PE at age 0 to 18 years, who had ≥6 months of follow-up were included. Study outcomes consisted of PE resolution, PE recurrence, death, and functional outcomes (dyspnea, impaired pulmonary or cardiac function, impaired aerobic capacity, and post-PE syndrome). The frequency of outcomes was compared between patients with/without underlying conditions. In total, 150 patients were included; median age at PE was 16 years (25th-75th percentile, 14-17 years); 61% had underlying conditions. PE did not resolve in 29%, recurrence happened in 9%, and death in 5%. One-third of patients had at least 1 documented abnormal functional finding at follow-up (ventilatory impairments, 31%; impaired aerobic capacity, 31%; dyspnea, 26%; and abnormal diffusing capacity of the lungs to carbon monoxide, 22%). Most abnormalities were transient. When alternative explanations for the impairments were considered, the frequency of post-PE syndrome was lower, ranging between 0.7% and 8.5%. Patients with underlying conditions had significantly higher recurrence, more pulmonary function and ventilatory impairments, and poorer exercise capacity. Exercise intolerance was, in turn, most frequently because of deconditioning than to respiratory or cardiac limitation, highlighting the importance of physical activity promotion in children with PE.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".