Enhanced memory for negative words is associated with amnestic mild cognitive impairment and in vivo cerebral amyloid‐β burden independently of depression
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Emotion dysregulation was studied as a potential risk marker for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by assessing emotional memory in high AD‐risk groups characterized by the presence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or remitted major depressive disorder (rMDD) and by evaluating the relationship between emotional memory and in vivo cerebral amyloid‐β deposition. Method 435 participants enrolled in the PACt‐MD clinical trial of cognitive remediation plus transcranial direct current stimulation were evaluated at baseline. The sample included 127 older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), 51 non‐amnestic MCI (naMCI), 60 rMDD without MCI, 81 rMDD+aMCI, 42 rMDD+naMCI, and 74 cognitively unimpaired older adults (CU). Diagnoses were established during a consensus conference based on psychiatric, medical, and neuropsychological assessment. Emotional memory was assessed by evaluating immediate and short‐term delayed recall of 15 personality adjectives (5 each of positive, negative and neutral words) from the Emotional Verbal Learning Test (Mah et al., 2017, American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25:1160). A subset (N = 167) completed a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan with carbon‐11 Pittsburgh Compound B ([11C] PIB). Valence and diagnostic group effects on recall were assessed using mixed ANOVA. Regression modelling assessed the association between emotional memory bias and amyloid‐β burden. Result Relative to CU, both aMCI and rMDD+aMCI groups showed enhanced memory for negative words at immediate recall, which persisted after short delay in the aMCI group only (F(1, 339) = 2.66, p = .048; Figure 1). Enhanced memory for negative words at short delay was predictive of in vivo cerebral amyloid‐β deposition (standardized beta = .117, t = 1.84, p = .067), over and above the contributions of age, sex, Apolipoprotein E genotype, depression diagnosis and symptoms, and long delayed verbal recall (F(4,154) = 25.8, p<.001, R2 = .41; Figure 2). Conclusion The association between enhanced memory for negative personality adjectives and aMCI replicates earlier work in single‐domain aMCI (Mah et al., 2017) and suggests that aMCI is characterized by a negativity bias in memory. These findings, taken together with the relationship between a negativity bias in memory and amyloid‐β burden, suggest that emotion dysregulation, in the form of enhanced memory for negative information, is a potential marker of AD risk.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".