Cognitive and muscle health, and related amino acid kinetics in older adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment, and the effect of comorbidities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Recent studies suggest cognitive decline and reduced muscle health is associated with the presence of comorbidities. Our objective is to identify whether the presence of comorbidities in older adults affects muscle health (mass and function) and related protein and amino acid (AA) kinetics differently when Mild Cognitive Impairment is present. Method We selected older adults (127 with comorbidities (Charlson comorbidity index (CCIS>0)) and120 without comorbidities (CCIS = 0) from the MEDIT database. These were stratified into MCI and non‐MCI based on their Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score. Health history obtained by interview, body composition by DEXA, and habitual dietary intake by 3‐day food record, . Mood (depression) assessed by questionnaire, and cognitive function by MoCA and battery. Muscle function measured by handgrip dynamometry. Postabsorptive protein and AA kinetics analyzed by pulse administration of 18 stable isotopes of AAs and tracer enrichments/concentrations by LC‐MS/MS to calculate whole‐body production (WBP) of these AAs. Statistics by ANCOVA to examine effects of MCI, CCIS, and MCI*CCIS interaction, with covariates Sex, BMI, and Age. Significance was set as p<0.05. Result Presence of MCI was associated with lower cognitive and muscle function and lean mass (all p<0.05). There were no differences in lean mass between CCIS and healthy counterparts (all p>0.05). CCIS subjects had higher depression score (p<0.05), performed worse on Stroop test (p = 0.0124) and had lower muscle function (p<0.05). Furthermore, CCIS subjects had higher plasma concentrations of glutamate (p = 0.0115), and isoleucine (p = 0.0071) compared to healthy counterparts. CCIS subjects had higher WBP of phenylalanine (p = 0.032), tryptophan (p = 0.0143), and isoleucine (p = 0.035), and higher net protein breakdown (PHE>>TYR) (p = 0.0758). There was no MCI*CCI interaction for lean mass, dietary intake, or mood. MCI with comorbidities had higher moca scores (p = 0.0037), stroop test performance (p = 0.0592) and muscle function compared to healthy counterparts (all P<0.05). MCI*CCI interactions showed MCI with CCIS had lower BCAA concentrations. Conclusion Presence of comorbidities affects mood, cognitive function, muscle health, and metabolism in older adults independent of MCI. The presence of comorbidities in MCI should be considered when designing nutritional based intervention trials.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".