Risk of Mild Behavioral Impairment: the role of gender and APOE allele carrier status
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Gender differences in dementia and dementia‐related neuropsychiatric symptoms are well described. Similarly, the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele is a well‐known predictor of Alzheimer’s disease. However, their impact on the clinical manifestation of Mild Behavioral Impairment (MBI) remains unclear. Using data from the Australian population‐based PATH Through Life Study we explored the associations between gender and APOE ε4 carrier status with MBI. We hypothesized that MBI likelihood would be greater in males and ε4 carriers. Method 1316 dementia‐free participants (48% female; aged 72‐79) were included. Gender was self‐reported (female/male). Participants were classified as APOE ε4+ if they carried at least one ε4 allele (APOE ε4/ε4, ε2/ε4, ε3/ε4). MBI was approximated using a previously published transformation algorithm, which utilizes items from the Neuropsychiatric Inventory assessed at a single study visit. Binomial logistic regression was used to examine the role of gender and APOE ε4 carrier status, and their interaction, on predicting MBI status, while controlling for self‐reported years of education. Result Of the 1316 participants, 339 (25.8%) were APOE ε4+ and 445 (34%) had MBI symptoms. A higher proportion of APOE ε4+ carriers (χ2 (1) = 5.99, p = .014) and men (χ2 (1) = 4.59, p = .032) were in the MBI group compared to the non‐MBI group. Binomial logistic regression showed APOE ε4 carrier status (OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.063‐2.344) and male gender (OR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.093‐1.925) were associated with a greater likelihood of MBI. Male gender was also associated with a 2‐fold greater likelihood of having symptoms of the Decreased Motivation (OR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.13‐3.86) and Impulse Dyscontrol (OR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.54‐3.03) domains. No interaction effects were found between gender and APOE ε4 carrier status for MBI or any of its domains. Conclusion The current study found that in dementia‐free older adults both male gender and APOE ε4+ status increased the risk of having MBI. However, no cumulative/interaction effect between gender and APOE ε4 carrier status was found, suggesting that being both male and APOE ε4+ does not further increase the risk of MBI. These results provide novel and valuable insight into the connection between gender, APOE ε4 carrier status and MBI.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".