Executive function performance depends on hypertension in individuals with sub‐threshold total Hachinski score
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background The Hachinski Ischemia Scale (HIS) differentiates AD and vascular dementia and is used to include individuals with minimal vascular risk factors in ADNI i.e., HIS ≤ 4. HIS score includes history of hypertension (HMHYPERT), a known risk for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and vascular dementia. Cerebrovascular disease affects performance on tasks involving executive function, such as, planning and processing speed more than memory. Here, we determined if HMHYPERT scores influences executive functioning in all ADNI3 participants with normal cognition (CN) and MCI even with minimal vascular risks. Method We included a total of 272 participants (102 MCI, age = 74± 8 [42F, 50 HMHYPERT>0], MoCA = 23 ±3 and 170 CN, age = 73 ±6, [109F, 62 HMHYPERT>0], MoCA = 26 ±3), who underwent HIS, Trails Making Test B, Clock Drawing and Copy scores for executive function, and The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) and Logical Memory Test (LOGMEM) scores for memory performance within 12 months. We converted both memory tests into z‐scores and created a composite memory score. Similarly, we created a composite executive function score. To determine if HMHYPERT was associated particularly with executive function, we ran the linear regression analyses twice for the two composite cognitive scores. The following model was used: Composite score ∼ Normalized Age + Sex + Cognitive status * HMHYPERT. Result Executive function: Fig. 1 A shows scores for Trails B, Clock Draw and Clock Copy. The regression analysis showed that executive function was associated with only sex and HYMHYPERT (p<0.05). Memory function Fig. 1 B shows scores for Logical Memory and RAVLT tests in CN and MCI. As expected, MCI groups demonstrate the lowest averages compared to CN groups. As expected, regression analysis showed that memory performance was strongly determined by diagnostic status (p<0.001). Age was significantly associated with memory performance (p<0.05). HMHYPERT was only marginally significantly associated with memory performance (p = 0.08). Conclusion Using HMHYPERT score as a measure of vascular risk, we observed notable differences in executive function. Although HIS scores ≤ 4 minimize vascular pathology in ADNI3, cognitive performance is still associated with these scores.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".