Exploring inflammation‐related protein expression and its relationship with TSPO PET in Alzheimer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Developing evidence highlight the importance of neuroinflammation in the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathophysiology. It has been shown that inflammatory mechanisms affect both amyloid and tau deposition in the brain. However, given the complexity of the immune cascades and the unknown interactions between the peripheral and central nervous systems in the disease, it has been challenging to identify biomarkers that reflect a given inflammatory state in this context. Thus we aim here to further explore inflammation‐related proteins for potential biomarker utility in AD. Method Participants from the TRIAD cohort incorporating within the AD spectrum, and with available TSPO PET ([11C]PBR28) imaging data, had their cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (n = 100) and plasma (n = 169) samples analyzed using Proximity Extension Assay (PEA) technology targeting 368 inflammation‐related proteins (Olink). LIMMA models evaluated the differential protein expression according to TSPO PET status (positivity attributed by 3 SD above the mean ROI‐SUVR of young participants), adjusting for age and brain amyloid load (PET). Associations were FDR corrected for multiple comparisons. Gene ontology (GO) was used for enrichment analysis on relevant results. Result Preliminary results identified several proteins that are in higher concentration in the CSF of TSPO positive in comparison with TSPO negative participants (Figure 1). The enrichment analysis (Figure 2) unveiled terms related with cytokine and chemokine signaling pathways as well as with the regulation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, which is an interesting finding given the frequently reported association between MAPK cascade and AD. Conclusion The initial assessment of the data revealed encouraging preliminary findings. However, more detailed analyses will be performed in both CSF and plasma to further investigate potential biomarkers and how they coverage between amyloid and tau deposition.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".