Tele‐supervised home‐based transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) for Alzheimer’s disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Over 55 million people worldwide are currently diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and live with debilitating episodic memory deficits (World Health Organization, 2022). Current pharmacological treatments have limited efficacy. Recently, transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has shown memory improvement in AD by normalizing high‐frequency neuronal activity (Benussi et al., 2022). Our goal was to assess the safety, feasibility, and preliminary effects on episodic memory of a caregiver‐led home‐based tACS approach (HB‐tACS). Method 8 participants diagnosed with AD (Table 1) underwent high‐definition HB‐tACS (40 Hz, 20‐minutes) targeting the left angular gyrus (AG), a key node of the memory network. The Acute Phase comprised 14‐weeks of HB‐tACS with at least five weekly sessions. Three participants underwent resting‐state electroencephalography (EEG) before and after. Subsequently, participants completed a 2–3‐month Hiatus Phase not receiving tACS. In the Taper Phase, participants received 2‐3 sessions per week over 3‐months. Primary outcomes were memory and global cognition, measured with the Memory Index Score (MIS) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), respectively, and EEG theta/gamma ratio. Results reported as mean±SD. Result All participants completed the study with, on average, 97 HB‐tACS sessions; reporting mild side effects during 25% of sessions, moderate during 5%, and severe during 1%. Acute Phase adherence was 98±6.8% and Taper Phase was 125±22.3% (from minimum of 2/week). After the Acute Phase, all participants showed memory improvement, MIS of 7.25±3.77, sustained during Hiatus 7.00±4.90 and Taper 4.63±2.39 Phases (Table 2), and decreased theta/gamma ratio in AG (Figure 1A). Conversely, participants did not show improvement in the MoCA, 1.13±3.80 after the Acute Phase, and there was modest decrease during the Hiatus ‐0.64± 3.28 and Taper ‐2.56±5.03 phases. These results suggest the specificity of the intervention for memory functioning (Figure 1B) and relate improvement to decreased theta/gamma ratio. Conclusion This pilot study shows the feasibility of a novel, remotely supervised, caregiver‐led HB‐tACS intervention for AD. Targeting the left AG, memory was noticeably improved while global cognition was relatively stable, indicating that future interventions might benefit from multifocal neuromodulation targeting multiple cognitive domains. These results are encouraging for the prospect of safe and feasible treatment within patients’ homes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".