The contribution of leisure activities to cognitive health in adults with chronic stroke
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Stroke doubles one’s risk for dementia. Therefore, stroke survivors represent a target population in need of intervention strategies to promote cognitive function and prevent dementia. Engagement in leisure activities, such as social, physical, and cognitive enrichment activities, are beneficial for healthy cognitive aging. Thus, we hypothesize that higher levels of leisure activities are associated with better cognitive performance in adults with chronic stroke and may be a promising approach to promoting cognitive health post‐stroke. Method A cross‐sectional analysis of baseline data from the Vitality study – a randomized controlled trial examining the effects of exercise training or complex mental and social activities on cognitive function in community dwelling older adults (aged 55+ years) living with chronic stroke (i.e., stroke sequelae ≥1 year). Our primary cognitive outcome was the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale–Cognitive Subscale‐Plus (ADAS‐Cog Plus: 13‐item ADAS‐Cog and additional cognitive tests). We indexed participation in leisure activities using the Nottingham Leisure Questionnaire (NLQ); this questionnaire is specific for stroke survivors. We first investigated the bivariate correlation between leisure activities and ADAS‐Cog Plus score, and then performed multiple regression analyses to examine the independent contribution of leisure activities to explain variance in ADAS‐Cog‐Plus scores, after controlling for age, sex, education, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score. Result Forty‐three females and 72 males were included in this analysis (mean age = 70.69 ±8.68, MoCA = 21.83±4.20, and NLQ = 22.84±7.26). Higher NLQ score was significantly associated with better ADAS‐Cog Plus score (r = ‐0.31; 95% CI: [‐0.47 ‐0.14]; p< 0.001). Importantly, the multiple linear regression indicated that higher NLQ scores were independently associated with better ADAS‐Cog Plus performance (b = ‐0.02 ± 0.007; p = 0.01). The adjusted R2 for the model including NLQ was significantly higher than the model without NLQ scores (F = 6.45, p<0.05). Conclusion Our findings suggest that higher levels of leisure activities are associated with better cognitive performance in adults living with chronic stroke. Future studies should explore the types of leisure activities that are most beneficial to preserve cognition and prevent dementia onset post stroke. Different physical and cognitively demanding activities may differentially affect cognitive function.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".