Non‐physical Leisure Activity patterns and Cognitive Function in 4,121 Hong Kong older adults with no major neurocognitive disorders
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Emerging evidence supports the role of lifestyle in maintenance of cognitive function. Physical exercise, diet and sleep are found to play important roles in cognitive health at later life. In this recently completed epidemiological study in Hong Kong, we explored if non‐physical leisure activity participation also contributes to cognitive function in older adults. Method The Hong Kong Mental Morbidity Survey for Older People (HKMMSOP) is a commissioned study supported by the Health and Medical Research Fund of the Hong Kong SAR. From 2019 till 2022, we have successfully assessed 4,369 community dwelling older adults (60 years or over). 4,121 participants satisfied clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) of either 0 or 0.5. Assessments included Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA), cumulative illness rating for physical disease burden, Clinical Interview Schedule – Revised (CIS‐R) for depressive and anxiety symptoms, types of physical exercise (aerobic, mind body, resistance muscle training, stretch), types of non‐physical activities (cognitive, social, spiritual, volunteering, passive solitary) activities were counted as positive if regular practice frequency were once weekly or more. Result Of the 4,121 participants, 3118 were cognitively healthy (CDR = 0), 1003 had mild neurocognitive disorder with CDR 0.5. The mean age and education (years) was 68.9(SD 6.9)(range 60‐98) and 9(SD 4.5) respectively. 44% were men. The mean MoCA score was 24.4 (SD 4.0). Regression analysis with MoCA score as the dependent variable showed that cognitive, volunteer and spiritual activities were significant factors (after controlling for gender, age, education, physical health burden, psychological symptoms (CIS‐R), and total number of physical exercise)(R2 = 295). In the CDR 0 group, cognitive and spiritual activities are significant factors (R2 = 0.184). In the CDR 0.5 group, cognitive and volunteer activities are significant (R2 = 0.196). Conclusion The HKMMSOP provides empirical evidence on the association between cognitive function and apparently pro‐mental wellbeing leisure activities. The observation that the introspective spiritual activities being significant factor in healthy, and external volunteering activities being significant in mild cognitively impaired group should invite further replication and exploration on the associated mechanisms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".