The bidirectional associations between cognition and depression in mid‐life and older adults in the CLSA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Existing evidence suggests that depression may be a risk factor for subsequent cognitive impairment and dementia. Concurrently, other evidence suggests that cognitive impairment may precede depression symptoms. We investigated the relationship between depression symptoms and memory performance over a three‐year time period in a sample of mid‐life (45 ‐ 64 years) and older adults (65 ‐ 85 years). Method Data were drawn from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA), a large longitudinal study of health and aging. Depression symptoms were assessed with the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD‐10) and memory was captured using the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT). Two time points were analyzed: baseline (completed in 2015) and first follow‐up (completed in 2018). We used multigroup cross‐lagged structural equation modelling (SEM) to estimate the bidirectional relationships between depression and cognition over time, based on age group: participants aged 45‐64 years (n = 26,605) and 65 years and above (n = 17,986). Sex, education, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and general health were controlled for at baseline. Result The results confirmed a bidirectional association between depression symptoms and memory over time, a relationship that was moderated by age group (difference test: p = .02). Results showed that the association between depression at baseline and memory at follow‐up was stronger for the younger cohort (r = ‐.039, p<.001) compared to the older cohort (r = ‐.015, p = .026). Conclusion The results confirm the bidirectional relationship between depression symptoms and memory. This work also highlights the role of age group as a moderator of this relationship, insofar as depression is a stronger correlate of memory for mid‐aged adults in comparison to older adults.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".