New Process for Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> Production from Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> Based on Modeling the Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>–(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>–MEA–MEG–H<sub>2</sub>O System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Alternative means for soda ash (Na 2 CO 3 ) production from sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ) are needed due to the intensive consumption of energy in the conventional Mirabilite-Solvay process (MSP). We demonstrate a new process to produce soda ash using sodium sulfate as a feed material. The new process relies on the antisolvent crystallization of unreacted Na 2 SO 4 to separate it from soluble (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 in a mixed monoethanolamine (MEA) and monoethylene glycol (MEG) solution. To develop the process, the solubilities of Na 2 SO 4 and (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 solids in aqueous mixed MEA–MEG solutions were first measured and then modeled using regressed paired-ion interactions from the electrolyte nonrandom two-liquid (E-NRTL) model. Anhydrous dense soda ash with a bulk density of up to 1146 kg/m 3 was obtained when the concentrated Na 2 SO 4 brines reacted with CO 2 and NH 3 .
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".