New Process for Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> Production from Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> Based on Modeling the Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>–(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>–MEA–MEG–H<sub>2</sub>O System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Alternative means for soda ash (Na 2 CO 3 ) production from sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ) are needed due to the intensive consumption of energy in the conventional Mirabilite-Solvay process (MSP). We demonstrate a new process to produce soda ash using sodium sulfate as a feed material. The new process relies on the antisolvent crystallization of unreacted Na 2 SO 4 to separate it from soluble (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 in a mixed monoethanolamine (MEA) and monoethylene glycol (MEG) solution. To develop the process, the solubilities of Na 2 SO 4 and (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 solids in aqueous mixed MEA–MEG solutions were first measured and then modeled using regressed paired-ion interactions from the electrolyte nonrandom two-liquid (E-NRTL) model. Anhydrous dense soda ash with a bulk density of up to 1146 kg/m 3 was obtained when the concentrated Na 2 SO 4 brines reacted with CO 2 and NH 3 .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.014 | 0.014 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.012 | 0.008 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.016 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.011 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.009 | 0.017 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".